What to Know About Chemical Hair Relaxers and Health

Straightened hair has long been the dominant societal standard of beauty for Black women, from the working class to those in government and corporate America to celebrities and even someone in the White House. Michelle Obama said in 2022 that she felt she had to straighten her hair while serving as first lady rather than wear a natural style. “Nope,” she said. “They’re not ready for it.” Hair can be straightened with heat, but a vast majority of Black women — an estimated 89 percent — have used chemical relaxers, which are easier and more affordable, at some point in their lives, often beginning in childhood.

Yet there is a growing body of evidence, much of which hasn’t reached the public, that shows a link between these products, directly marketed to Black women and girls, and a number of health disorders in women.

Here’s what to know about relaxers and your health.

A Growing Body of Evidence Links Relaxers With Health Disorders in Women

Scientists have struggled for decades to explain why Black girls show signs of early puberty — developing breasts and pubic hair — more than twice as frequently as white girls and also earlier than girls of other ethnicities. The early onset of puberty and menstruation is associated with a cascade of reproductive-health disorders. Many of these hormone-health-related problems are more common in Black women than in other women, including an aggressive form of breast cancer that contributes to a death rate from the disease that is 28 percent higher than the rate for white women.

The ingredients in chemical relaxers include a number that are known disruptors of the endocrine system.

Burns and abrasions, often caused when the products are applied to the scalp, give the endocrine-disrupting chemicals an efficient entry into the body, and research done over the last several years now shows that frequent use is linked to an elevated risk for both breast and uterine cancer.

The Products Are Underregulated

Chemical relaxers line shelves of beauty-supply stores and drugstores in Black communities, with packages targeted to kids featuring brightly colored boxes and adorable little girls with swingy straight hair. And the labeling can’t be trusted: A 2018 report found dozens of chemicals that can disrupt hormones in hair products used by Black women, but a majority of the toxic ingredients weren’t listed on the packaging.

Relaxers are marketed similarly in Europe and in the United States, though they contain different active ingredients, because the European Union regulates more than 1,300 substances for use in cosmetics while the F.D.A. prohibits or restricts only nine. Hair relaxers marketed to children in the United States have been found to contain the highest levels of five of the chemicals prohibited in the European Union. The F.D.A. has proposed a ban on formaldehyde, an ingredient in many relaxers that the agency itself has linked to cancer — but no date has been set, and a ban on one ingredient wouldn’t address the rest.

Despite Increasing Awareness of the Risks, the Products Remain Popular

After compelling new research was published in late 2022 linking chemical relaxers to uterine cancer, class-action lawsuits were filed, recruiting thousands of plaintiffs with messages on billboards, on the internet and on television. The cases were consolidated into one suit overseen by a federal judge. It names several companies as defendants and is now in the discovery phase.

In the meantime, the products have enjoyed something of a revival on social media, with TikTok videos hashtagged #relaxerisback receiving more than 24 million views and featuring young women smiling and showing off their straightened hair.