Your Tuesday Briefing – The New York Times

NATO members stage major air exercise

The largest military air exercises in Europe since the end of the Cold War began yesterday, as more than 250 aircraft took to the air in a pointed demonstration to Russia of how NATO would respond if the alliance was attacked.

Twenty-five nations participated in the exercises in Germany. All but two are members of NATO: Sweden, which is seeking admission, also took part, and Japan was an observer. The war games have been planned since 2018, but they took on added urgency after the invasion of Ukraine, which alarmed NATO members that lie in the shadow of Russia.

After 30 years of shrinking military budgets, air power had become a vulnerability for NATO. That has begun to change since the start of the Russian invasion, with leaders in Kyiv billing their country as Europe’s first line of defense against Moscow.

Strategy: Since the invasion of Ukraine, NATO has shifted from “deterrence by retaliation” — relying on the promise to come to the defense of any member — to “deterrence by denial,” which seeks to prevent an occupation. That means more troops and equipment permanently based on the Russian border.

On the ground: “A lot of what today was, was to show Russia that it’s ready,” said Lara Jakes, who reported from an air base in Wunstorf, Germany. “This was a war game that was supposed to look exactly like the response should a NATO state be attacked.”

Related: In Russia, recent Ukrainian attacks have killed more than a dozen civilians and displaced thousands. But they have not fundamentally changed the political landscape for Vladimir Putin.

To economists, Berlusconi was the man who helped drive the Italian economy into the ground. To political scientists, he represented a bold new experiment in television’s impact on voters. And to tabloid reporters, he was a consistent source of scandal, gaffes and escapades. His death brings to an end one of the longest, most consequential and colorful eras in Italian politics.

Berlusconi revolutionized not only Italian politics, but also its sports, daily life, image of itself and popular culture — all through his privately owned television channels — leaving an imprint, or a bruise, on almost everything he touched.

Reactions: “Thank you President, thank you Silvio.” Read tributes from both his allies and his enemies.

Highs and lows: Look back on Berlusconi’s career.

Trump’s options for fighting charges

Ahead of his scheduled court appearance today, Donald Trump and his advisers have scrambled to assemble a legal team after he was charged last week with mishandling classified documents and obstructing the government’s efforts to retrieve them.

To fight the charges, his lawyers may assert that the former president had a right to take the documents from the White House and that he had previously declassified them. They could also accuse the prosecutors of misconduct, try to show that he was a victim of selective prosecution, or seek to have potentially damning evidence excluded from the trial.

Those claims could be difficult to sustain in court. Experts said that it was difficult in general to have a federal indictment dismissed before going to trial.

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Some experts said they did not spend much time searching for matches, given the odds against finding one. So there is often rejoicing when a head and a torso find their way back to each other. “Sometimes things fit perfectly,” one curator said. “Boom, it all lines up.”

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What noise does to your body

Sirens, barking dogs, soaring jets: A growing body of research suggests that chronic noise is an unrecognized health threat.

Unpleasant noises are relayed to the stress detection center in your brain, and they can set off a cascade of reactions that, over time, can lead to inflammation, hypertension and plaque buildup in arteries — increasing the risk of heart problems and strokes.

But how loud is too loud? Regular exposure to even a few decibels of noise above moderate levels — for example, from loud traffic, a noisy train or an aircraft passing overhead — can prompt harmful reactions.

Check your surroundings: Here’s how to find out if you’re exposed to too much noise.